Sex Discrimination in Poland Free Essays

Eradication from sex discrimination on the Polish work market would favour development of women’s promotion prospects. Since becoming a full European Union member Poland has made headway in promoting gender equality into national policies and in gender discrimination in the workplace. However, this country still lags far behind the other countries of an old continent breaching women’s’ rights not openly. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Discrimination in Poland or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poland is a country that cultivates its tradition and keep its values. Stereotypes regarding the model of Polish traditional family are deeply ingrained in Poles psyche and therefore women are not treated equally in the society because they have always been associated with fulfilling domestic activities. Also, a conservative attitude to women in Poland when it comes to work stems from the history. Polish women were identified with ‘Mother- Pole’ who protects the hearth and home. In connection to this the vast majority of men cannot imagine women’s forsaking their duties. Regardless Poland succeeds in making progress on different fields the problem of female manager’s promotion remains unsolved. The most industrialized countries such as Sweden, Germany or USA are willing to take advantage of women’s potential and experience. Reasons are numerous, for instance : more female workers are highly educated in comparison to male employees. Moreover women seem to be attractive workers in view of possessing features that are not typical of men. For example they better endure stressful situations and have better developed communication skills. Unfortunately many employers in Poland do not appreciate women’s aptitude like it is in other countries. Still women continue to occupy lower positions . Even if they put an enormous effort to perform their duties the salary for the same job is lower . I conclude that male employers are afraid of aligning women in responsible positions because they do not believe that women will manage to fulfill duties properly. Nevertheless, a plenty of amenities for female workers are being implemented in many European companies in order to facilitate their development. Also Poland should adjust their work market to women. First of all the Polish Government ought to take measures to protect women against discrimination at work. For instance they can levy fines on companies where women are sidelined from work due to their gender. Moreover, Poland should increase the access to care services like nursery schools. Thanks to it women will have an opportunity to join family duties with work and continue their carreers. In addition there should be implemented flexible working hours which are crucial for women on maternity leave . Introducing such solution will be profitable for her employer. On the whole Powers governing Polish work market are relentless and only few women who were entirely determined to break the glass ceiling managed to overcome the barriers. Women’s promotion prospects should be more widespread and the Government should introduce campaign encouraging male bosses to employ women. How to cite Sex Discrimination in Poland, Papers

Description of Current ICT Service Management

Question: Discuss about the Description of Current ICT Service Management . Answer: Introduction Nowadays change is needed to be implied in every organization for more development and improvement of the organization. Implications are analyzed by those modification technique which acts as business strategy in the organization (www.free-management-ebooks.com, 2016). Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences. -------------------Johnson (2009) There are various schemes and techniques through which changes can be brought in by identifying the problem. Strategic decisions in an organization can be brought by different planning system which is mentioned in the figure below: Source: www.free-management-ebooks.com A. Among all the strategies SWOT analysis of Charles Sturt University is described to develop positive changes in the organization. SWOT analysis is a technique of business analysis which can be performed by any organization for markets, services, products and for improvement of the future growth of the product (Overton, 2007). Identification of strengths and weakness and understanding the opportunities and threats of an organization is the main function of SWOT analysis. It is the responsibility of a manager to think about the development of the organization and bring profitable growth in the organization. SWOT analysis template of Charles Stuart University is described below: Organization: Charles Stuart University (CSU) Date:23.9.16 Description of current or new ICT Service As CSU is a university, so proper learning environment is needed to be described here with proper application. An integration of Interact online learning environment is administered with collaboration and delivery systems which is used for learning and teaching in single fundamental space. Its source of learning is Sakai Open Learning Management System (LMS). Generally this source is used for professional improvement in research about learning and teaching (Dolphin, 2011). Especially this is made for distance education students. The interaction based on academic principal which is related with technology development in the organization. Strengths The universitys system and service of the work process modernize the resources and facilities of the work progress of students and teachers in the university by eliminating the problems of the staffs and the students in the university. The research collaborators and the students are facilitated with remote access technique. This helped the students to learn fast and teachers to make them understand properly. Cost effectiveness is less as the open-source Sakai LMS is used as the software in the organization. The innovations and training materials are also shared by other organizations and universities (Kumar and Lin, 2013). The code are accessed by IT staffs and customized with the changing circumstances in the university. The sharing and repurposing of content can be readily done with activity which is related to various researches. They are explained by templates and materials and by this reduction of duplicate work have done. Operational errors, redundant training costs, automation process for downtime with centralized functions costs are reduced by LMS. Weakness No support service available because of use of LMS. It is necessary that the service management should be hosted by the university. Direction in deal of IT infrastructure is found which is inconsistence and cannot be handled properly by other several browsers and this causes trouble for the IT staffs. Teachers are not provided adequate time, so it is tough for the teachers to give feedbacks after checking the online forums. For that reason coping up with the studies are tough for the students and they are unable to self motivate themselves with proper direction. Online applications cannot be filled up by the students properly because the level varies on IT. Issues arise because web accessibility problems are not designed by the content and activities. Training is not provided by open-source vendor. Driving teaching styles by innovative method cannot be provided by LMS (Kats, 2010). Update of Sakai software has not been done for a long time period is the university. The accessibility standards with conformity of the rival products are limited and it is hard to be operated outside the tools. For software update there were no plans for apps and mobile interface. Opportunities There are many students who are studying by distance, for them increase of diversity with flexible study arrangements and development for distance learning can be given as an opportunity. Undulating mobile ownership on smart phones, tablets among students and teachers with desire to complete work on technology. Broadband internet has been started to be used in large number in Australia. National Broadband Network is developed and used in large amount in residences and offices of Australia. Other technologies are also introduced in large amount and they are needed to be developed with high speed. Threats Inflexibility, instability and clumsiness have been increased because of lack of competition among the LMS companies which are proprietary. The choice several companies have been commonly developed with personal contribution and other source. From Sakai LMS, the organizations and universities are moving and its community will shrink (Overton, 2007). Online education has been made for the distance learning students and if update in information is not done then the reputation of CSU will be affected. Problem can be raised if the teaching styles are not innovative which can affect the future of the students. Is the service management is not developed then learning styles can be affected in the university. Summary and Recommendations Charles Stuart University (CSU) is one of the leaders in distance education and learning techniques which is flexible. Significant weaknesses and threats has been analysed by the recent system of the university. The strengths mentioned above should be developed more and positive position should be brought in the sector. Especially the remote access facility with streamlined experience with development in accessibility with interoperability in the online education system with competitive improved system. The market value of broadband has been increased because it has market force as NBN is commonly used in schools and homes. Various application of online learning is needed to be developed with LMS in CSU. Mobile version wit use of smart phones and tablets should be developed in latest version (Overton, 2007). The Enterprise Architecture and Liaison unit has some objectives which is fragment with integrated system which is scalable and sustainable. There are some goals which is achieved by ICT system which is needed to be diversified with sustainable and technological limits which is open sourced with LMS and these issued are resolved with update done in Sakai with un sustainability process in users community. The ongoing process of the system is secured by LMS vendor with scalability and functionality reducing the pressure which occurs because of lack of training and host management process. This report shows the choice, investigation method, implementation of LMS and adaptability (Belkin, Corbitt and Wickramasinghe, 2013). Short Term (now) The formation of working group will be done where LMS process is needed to be open sourced with the options adopted by proprietary company. Priority featured by LMS is needed to be surveyed for the students where prospective of the software is discussed. The open-source will be designed with LMS for conducting study. Mid Term (next 12 months) Representatives of vendor will be invited with group within 12 months. The criteria of the university are presented with formal tenders. The distance and online program of CSU is advantageous in negotiating phase with secured leveraged service arrangement which is frequently charged by the commercial vendors for better quality service (Belkin, Corbitt and Wickramasinghe, 2013). Long Term (next 3 to 5 years) In the introduction phase, for next 3 to 5 years programs of change management is projected and guided with piloting and transition guidance in the university. The channels of the communication will be kept open with frequent updates projected with students and staffs. Review is brought with ongoing consultation after educational research which is consulted with identification. E-Business E-Commerce Models and Strategies The importance of E-business is increasing day by day in todays generation. Internet has provided various technologies and business development advertises of several products which are spread in the form of advertisement sometimes (Shaw, 2003). Designs in interfacing ways with the application of internet with competitive business technology are driving the market recently. Business strategies are governed by calculative dissemination with the process of E-Business. E-business is playing role of portal in global market in unprecedented level. There are several examples drawn such as, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), MRP (Material Requirements Planning), and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). Email marketing and chain management is the necessary features of E-business. There are some strategies of E-Business: Supply chain management This is handled with the procedure of chain management. Coordination and retail of wholesale in various products are analysed here. Integration of supply with the source of chain right is observed in dissemination process of electronic technology and other supply of chain management. Customer service relationship management Effective strategies of E-business are involved in customer service development and it also ensures customer satisfaction. Customer friendly services are provided by e-business which satisfies the needs of the customer easily. Inventory and service management integration Strategies in inventory services and integration management are developed through this system. Purchasing machines and inventory accumulation with tax implications with high expenditure is justified in this strategy (Shaw, 2003). Operation alignment Through the short-term goal tactical alignment is proposed in strategy planning which is coordinated with long term goal with e-business strategy. Fast and swift process is developed by diverging style of e-business with channel integrity and other subscriptions (Shaw, 2003). Diversification is done in E-commerce from many years. Offering delivery in fast mode in time is the facility which the E-commerce gives. There are some E-commerce business models which are used now days. They are: B2B B2C C2B In the given figure the model of e-commerce is described below: Business-to-Business (B2B) model Order of purchasing is involved with electronic transactions which are used during goods trading. Subscription with manufacturing and dealings with professional services are followed by this model. An organization is guided by this model to improve the ICT system in the organization. For example amazon.com is an example of B2B model. Business to consumer (B2C) model In a business organization transaction method are followed by B2B model for customers help and development (Lee, 2008). Consumer to Business (C2B) model C2B is business model where customers profit is analysed by customer satisfaction process and revenue management way (Shaw, 2003). There are various strategies of revenue generation in E-commerce. They are purely online system; brick and click, auction, market place storing and bargaining. These methods are helpful which processes the implementation of e-commerce strategies. There are various elements of business models: Revenue model Value proposition Market opportunity Competitive advantages Competitive environment Organizational development Management team The main facility is E-business and E-commerce is that, it is easy to deal by the customers. The Information Communication technology is depicted properly with the adaptability of E-commerce (Lee, 2008). The e-commerce or online business is 24 hours opened for the consumers and with one click they can view the details about the advertisement of the product and the business models with various developed skills (Schneider, 2002). If the students in the university want to adopt knowledge about e commerce then, they have to give details description about E-commerce and E-business following all the models and strategies and techniques used by the technology which has made life easier now a days. In case of academy and education students can easily by the books and learning material; online through commercial transaction method. Thats what which can be adopted by students and teachers in school, colleges and universities and other customers are also facilitated by this service. Conclusion In this assignment various strategies of internet technology and programs of Charles Sturt University is described in the first part (Schneider, 2002). The SWOT analysis of the university is properly mentioned with long term, midterm and short term plan to analyse the process through which ICT development in the university is needed to be developed. In the second part the brief study about e- commerce and e-business is described with various models and strategies which have shown the advantages of technology and use of internet. References Belkin, M., Corbitt, B. and Wickramasinghe, N. (2013).Strategic ICT planning in pathology. New York, NY: Springer. Dolphin, I. (2011).Sakai CLE Courseware Management. Packt Publishing Ltd. Elliot, S. (2002).Electronic commerce. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Kats, Y. (2010).Learning management system technologies and software solutions for online teaching. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Kumar, V. and Lin, F. (2013).System and technology advancements in distance learning. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA). Lee, I. (2008).E-business models, services, and communications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Overton, R. (2007).Business Strategy Made Simple. Murwillumbah: Martin Books. Schneider, G. (2002).Electronic commerce. Australia: Course Technology. Shaw, M. (2003).E-business management. Boston: Kluwer Academic. www.free-management-ebooks.com. (2016).Strategy skills. [online] Available at: https://www.free-management-ebooks.com/dldebk-pdf/fme-swot-analysis.pdf [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016].

Reasons why the Black women Population did not Consider Themselves a part of the Ongoing Feminist MovementsÂÂ

Background of the Study The experiences of black women in the U.S. have challenged feminist scholarship to rethink the relationship between race and gender for everyone. Since the middle of the 20th century, women’s studies scholars have increasingly acknowledged that differences among women arise from inequalities of power and privilege. For African American women, gender is a part of a larger pattern of unequal social relations; how gender is experienced depends with how it intersects with other inequalities (Hooks 8).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reasons why the Black women Population did not Consider Themselves a part of the Ongoing Feminist Movements   specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research Question What was the position of black women in U.S. society and the reasons why the black women population did not consider themselves as a part of the ongoing feminist movements (in 20th century )? (Hooks 10). From the research question, I intend to explore the gender ideology of the Black Power Movement, the participation of women, the effect of the fight against racism together with an increased level of race consciousness on gender awareness, and the cultural changes inspired by black power. Although women’s activism throughout America’s history is evidence of emerging feminisms, I intend to focus my research on the emergence of radical feminism in which black women question not only their oppression in society but also the very nature of the gender hierarchy and the hegemonic gender system (Hooks 11). This paper is meant to open debate on how women viewed the much-hyped feminist movement. Significance of the Study I have found the work of Bell Hooks (15) useful in understanding the construction of hegemonic gender orders with hegemonic versions of masculinity and femininity. Hegemonic gender constructs perpetuate the idea that gender roles are somehow natu ral and therefore immutable. They are developed in such a way to maintain control of and appeal across class and race by displaying essential ingredients to all groups. Until men and women challenge these hegemonic structures, which are continuously being reinforced by the media and other forces and institutions, gender equality cannot fully evolve. Some women activists in the Black Power movement, while fighting against racism and class discrimination, began to question their own oppression but did not go to challenge these structures. An examination of the gender in the Black Power movement and the subsequent development of a feminist movement make a critical contribution to the study of gender in America. There are important similarities between the experiences of women in the Black Power movement in the U.S. including the construction of black masculinity (Hooks 20).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theoretical Approach and Methods The Black Feminist movement emerged as a response to the Black Liberation movement and the Women’s Movement. During this period, the term â€Å"black† was often used to refer to black men while â€Å"woman† was used to refer to white women. As a result, this led to the neglect of the existence of black women and their needs. The main goal of the movement was to come up with a hypothesis that could deal with the way race, gender, and class were interlinked in their lives and to take measures that could halt sexist and classist discrimination. There have been arguments that the Black Feminist movement fought for the freedom of everyone in the society since it sought to eliminate racism, sexism and class subjugation. The Feminist Theory is one of the theories that emerged as a result of this movement. There has been known to exist a special bond between Black Feminists and post-colonial feminists sin ce both fought for the recognition of both the men in their own society and the Western feminists. (Hooks 35). Literature Review No one-research study identified examines how Black women addressed the barriers attributed to race, gender, and social class during the black feminist movement. This literature review will provide insight about the political identity of Black women through the lens of Black feminist thought. This section will begin with an overview of feminist theory to offer a context and visualize the origin of Black feminist thought. The literature review will also connect issues of race, class, and gender with the critical variables of self-determination and self-definition as fundamental components of Black feminist thought. To embrace the uniqueness of Black feminist thought, the study will define and describe the outsider-within phenomenon that has plagued Black women since their enslavement. Feminist Theory The purpose of this section of the literature review is t o offer a comprehensive understanding of standpoint theory. One should have a firm grasp of this theory‘s tenets to have the proper foundation to understand Black feminist thought theory. There exists multiple related and yet distinct feminist standpoint theories. They are grounded in one original idea, which is that knowledge is socially located and arises in social positions that are structured by power relations (Hallstein 32). Standpoint theorists (McClish Bacon 27) asserted that there are two reasons an epistemology generated from an oppressed group, such as women, is more valid than the knowledge of those in dominant positions. The first reason insists that the oppressed must understand the ideology of those in power to survive, and the second reason asserts that those of subjugated groups offer fuller insight into the social order since they possess no desire to maintain the status quo.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reasons why the Bla ck women Population did not Consider Themselves a part of the Ongoing Feminist Movements   specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In one of the central tenets associated with standpoint theory, Orbe (230) asserted that research must begin from a person‘s concrete lived experiences and emphasize the need to be aware of a specific societal position. Orbe also noted that research and knowledge production about women must begin from women’s lives and that their vision is not necessarily truthful. Therefore, no one standpoint can serve to represent the cognitive behavior, belief, or attitudes of all women due to the existence of multiple differences among women. With a true understanding of standpoint theory, one may now explore the specifics of Black feminist thought. Theory grounds how researchers identify, name, interpret, and write about individual and collective experiences. It can be challenging to find and apply theoretical constructs that are appropriate for explaining and understanding the experiences of Black women. To try to interpret the experience in a fair and just manner, one must have the proper theoretical lens. Thus, it is important to identify a theory that reflects Black women‘s political and social positions and that of others with whom they interact in the world. Black feminists (McClish Bacon 30) argue that Black women‘s perspectives are grounded in their unique experiences. Feminist activists and historical scholars apply the ―wave model to describe the women’s movement in the United States; however, this model obscures the historical role of race (Springer 1059) as part of the movement. Black feminism came into being during the subsequent wave of the women’s movement that began towards the end of the 1960’s. (Smith 56). While some traditional theories provide frameworks that are adaptable enough to conform to any group’s development, Bl ack feminist thought is more specific in its integration, validation, and centering of Black women‘s unique realities, perceptions, and experiences (Collins 14). In the 1960s and 1970s, the women’s liberation and Black power movements (Cole Stewart 130) aimed to redefine the roles and broaden the privileges of historically disadvantaged groups. These movements worked to accomplish these ends through the redefinition of the constituent groups’ identities and political consciousness. In 1973, the National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO) was formed (Smith 60). In 1974, a group of Black women known as The Combahee River Collective, gathered in Boston, Massachusetts (Smith 62).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The name Combahee River came from a military action in South Carolina led by Harriet Tubman. During this gallant incident, 750 slaves were set free during a military organization that was designed and executed by a woman. Members of these groups have been involved in defining and clarifying the political identity of Black women and were committed to struggling against racial, sexual, and class oppression. The focal point on their individual subjugation is encompassed in the concept of personality politics (Smith 63). Identity politics support the notion that the most profound and radical politics stem from one‘s own identity and not one that works toward ending someone else‘s oppression. Political identity (Cole Stewart 135) describes a pattern of beliefs related to the social and structural relationships that connect the individual to social groups. It asserts that human existence is interconnected and that systemic obstacles rather than individual shortcomings limit d isadvantaged groups. It proposes that the political realm is personally relevant and meaningful, and that collective actions are the best responses to social problems. Black feminists distinguish their struggle from that of White feminists, as the struggle of Black feminists is both anti-racist and anti-sexist (Smith 64). White feminists do not claim as a facet of their struggle the element of race. Another distinction (Smith 65) is the feelings of solidarity that Black feminists have toward progressive Black men, which differ from the fractionalization that White women who are separatists have toward White men. To demonstrate solidarity with Black men, the vision of Black feminism embraces the unified struggle to diminish the forces of racism, class separation, and sexism. Black Women’s Understanding of Race, Class and Gender Chandra Talpade Mohanty (50) asserted that from the perspective of some of the most disenfranchised communities of women in the world, it is likely to envision a just and democratic society capable of treating all its citizens fairly. Conversely, she stated that if we begin our analysis from, and limit it to, the space of privileged communities, our vision of justice is more likely to be exclusionary because privilege nurtures blindness to those without the same privileges. A Black feminist framework takes into account the intersectional dynamics of race, class, and gender (Coker 654). While this framework provides a platform to examine and better comprehend the commonalities that exist between Black women, it also recognizes differences among Black women. A review of the extensive work of Dr. Patricia Hill Collins (227) served as a primary source to offer a conceptual framework for comprehending Black feminist thought. Working jointly and in systematic fashion, the discriminations of racism, sexism, and, in many cases, class inequality remain pervasive in the personal and professional lives of many Black women. Patricia Collinsâ €˜s (18) conceptual framework of Black feminist thought and its themes rendered an insightful vantage point into the experiences of all Black women. Black feminist ideas are built in the principle that black women, as an assembly, possess definite themes (Collins 19). The ideology of Black feminist thought declares that visibility of Black women asserts self-determination and self-definition as essential, challenges the interlocking nature of oppression, and presumes an image of Black women as powerful and independent subjects (Collins 20). A self-determined person is one who has the power to decide one’s own destiny just as a self-realized person has the power to name one’s own reality (Collins 21). This research indicates that to foster and facilitate a personal or professional relationship with a Black woman, a balance of, respect for, or at minimum, a healthy recognition of these themes needs to exist. The social construction of black womanhood The-outsider-with in syndrome is a common and critical factor that unites the experience of U.S. Black women in the labor market. The outsider-within syndrome is a social condition where Black women appeared to belong to a group but were not accepted as an equal. Collins (72) outlined the origin of the syndrome. Prior to World War II, the two categorical areas of employment for U.S. Black women were domestic and agricultural work. Development and transference of both skill sets are a direct result of Black women’s enslavement in this country. As domestic employees, Black women performed duties that allowed them to form nurturing ties with White children and often with the employers themselves. Hallstein (38) also noted that women occupy a position inside and outside of the dominant culture. The outsider-within syndrome is also described as bifurcated in that a woman’s perception of her structural position allows her to see her own socially located knowledge and that of the dominant cult ure and its feminine conception. The Five Distinguishing Features of Black Feminist Thought The effects of institutional racism are complicated by racial segregation and accompanying discriminatory practices designed to deny equitable treatment to Blacks. The general purpose of Black feminist thought (Collins 76) is to resist the practices and ideology generated by oppression. For Black women (Collins 77), the impact of institutional racism, sexism, and discrimination based on class remain observable and tangible. The common experiences generated by these existing conditions, stated Collins (78), mean that Black women live in a different world than those who are not Black and women. These conditions amplify the need for a conceptual framework that distinguishes Black feminist thought from other feminist schools of thought. Experience and consciousness. The first feature recognizes interdependence between experience (Collins 78) and consciousness. The link between what one does and w hat one thinks characterizes the Black women’s experience as a group. Collins (78) emphasized that the deficiency of political activism on the part of the subjugated group evolves from their flawed consciousness of their own subjugation. There are two possible interpretations (Collins 79) of the oppressed group‘s consciousness if Black women‘s collective wisdom is not present. This can be interpreted to mean that subordinate groups have a firm identification with the power group thus depriving them of a valid independent analysis of their own subjugation. The second interpretation is that the oppressed group is less human than the powerful group. Both interpretations, according to Collins (79), sees the lack of activism by Black women or any oppressed group as a sign of the group‘s inferiority or a flawed consciousness of subordination. The legacy of struggle. The second feature is the recognized link between Black women‘s oppression and the legacy of struggle. The legacy of struggle, according to Collins (79), referred to Black women‘s struggle to exist in conflicting worlds: (1) that of the White, privileged, and oppressive; and (2) that of the Black, exploited and simultaneously oppressed. Acknowledging that this dilemma exists, (Collins 79) does not confirm that every Black woman recognizes or embraces its existence. Dialogic relationship. The third feature of Black feminist thought is that there exists a dialogic (Collins 79) relationship that characterizes Black women‘s experiences and group knowledge. This feature insinuates that variations of thought may accompany alterations in the course of action thus lead to the production of modified experiences that uphold altered individual or group perception. Within the context of this feature, Collins introduced the notion of rearticulation, which occurs when Black women receive a different view of themselves and the world. This rearticulated consciousness strives to empower Black women and promote resistance (Collins 80). Williams et al (181) identified the ―use of dialogue as a Black feminist thought theme. This too suggests that oppressed groups use dialogues to establish empowered bonds and relationships. Black women intellectuals. The fourth distinguishing feature claims Black women intellectuals (Collins 81) as the coalition-building group of Black feminist thought. Collins continues to emphasize that a Black woman intellectual can reside within and outside of the academic arena. The experience of the Black woman affords her the right and ability to provide a vision of Black womanhood that is unavailable to members of other groups. According to Collins, the intellectual must promote and push the themes of self-determination, self-definition, and group autonomy. The concepts of self-determination and self-definition will serve as variables of interest and exploration for the developmental networks of Black women. Significance of Cha nge. The significance of change symbolizes the last distinctive facet of Black feminist thought. Collins (81) asserted the changing social conditions experienced by Black women generate a need for constant Black feminist analyses of shared differences that characterize Black womanhood. Collins used the aforementioned concept of ―outsider-within syndrome as an example. She acknowledged that in today‘s world of work, far fewer Black women are domestic employees, but Collins submits this image has experienced a modern transformation. Black women still hold the lion’s share of contemporary emotional nurturing, lower tier administrative, and ―cleaning up after people positions. The Constraining Walls of Social Location An image that helps convey how the Feminist Theory limits opportunity and represents the relationship between structure and culture is found in Gloria Naylor’s novel The Women of Brewster Place. The characters in this story live on a dead- end street that has been closed off by a brick wall. The wall separates Brewster Place from the rest of the community. It shuts out light to apartments, it creates a dark and unprotected area where destructive activities occur, and its presence suggests that there is only one way out. The wall on Brewster place is a powerful symbol of the ways racial oppression, sexual exploitation, and class domination constrain the life chances and choices of the women who live there. For black-American women, the social structures that are identified and discussed in this book are similar to the wall; they create barriers, limit opportunities, and constrain choices. At the conclusion of The Women of Brewster Place, the wall at the end of the street becomes the focus of collective social action. In a final act of defiance and rage, the residents of the street tear the wall down. The wall and the responses and reaction of the residents to it provide a useful device for illustrating the relationship of social structure to human choice and action. Within the â€Å"walls† constructed by race, class, and gender oppression, black women create lives for themselves, their families, and their communities. Their lives are an active outgrowth of the continuous interplay between their cultural background, their personal abilities, and their struggles with the constraints of social structure (Naylor 2-120). Outcome Literature Review While research that examines the reasons why the black women population did not consider themselves as a part of the ongoing feminist movements from the perspective of Black women is scarce, it is my hope that this study will encourage others to continue the scholarship. Although gender as a category of consciousness was not developed during the Feminist movement, looking back at the movement with a gendered analysis based on the feminist theory does give some important insights that may not have been obvious at the time. The Black Power Movement clear ly demonstrated the resilience of the gender system. The language of the movement is particularly interesting. Black Power advocates used a very masculine language that focused almost exclusively on the Black Man. Even if Black Power leaders felt the need to focus on recruiting men, it is interesting why they did so in gendered language. They equated the lack of power with the denial of manhood, thus tying masculinity to power. The movement derived its concept of manhood directly from the model of hegemonic masculinity of the ruling class, the same elite whom advocates of Black Power challenged, yet they never seriously questioned the structure of masculinity, nor the oppression of women (Hooks 52). Because power, sexuality, and manhood were so intrinsically linked, it was not surprising that the Black Power movement in the United States should place a new emphasis on the black male body. At the same time that the ‘Black is Beautiful’ slogan provided a necessary counter to Western ideals of beauty, this new emphasis on blackness reasserted the power, strength and sexuality of the black body, and of the black male body in particular. This focus tended to assert male sexuality and power, while exploiting black female sexuality. The hyper-masculine sexualized male body of the African man thus played on the white male fears that arose from the mythical construction of black male sexuality–a side effect of British imperialism and the colonizing agenda. Cultural critic Bell Hooks (84) points out that the black male body has also been â€Å"feminized† by white men in order to assuage that fear, so that, like all women, black men were seen as more body than mind and more instinctive than logical. The hyper-masculine image of Black Power served in part to counteract this â€Å"feminization.† Research Outline For my future research, I intend to follow the following outline in order to fully answer my research question: Introduction Sex ism and the black female slave experience The imperialism of patriarchy Racism and feminism: The issue of accountability Black women and feminism Conclusion The chapter on racism and feminism and black women and feminism are extremely important to me since they will help me to reflect on my research process and outcome. Plan of Study Time Schedule ACTIVITY MARCH APRIL Week 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Prop. Writing Data Collection Data Analysis Report Writing Submission Works Cited Coker, Andrew. African American Women Adult Learners: Motivations, Challenges, and Coping Strategies. Journal of Black Studies, 33.5 (2003). 654-674. Print. Cole, Edward, Stewart, Andrew. Meanings of Political Participation among Black and White women: Political Identity and Social Responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71.1 (1996): 130-140. Print. Collins, Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, 2000. 69-82. Print. Collins, Patricia. Learning from the Outsider within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought. Social Problems, 33.6 (1986): 14-23. Print. Collins, Patricia. Healing Identities: Black Feminist Thought and the Politics of Group. A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, 21.2 (2005): 227. Print. Hallstein, Dennis. A Postmodern Caring: Feminist Standpoint Theories, Revisioned Caring and communication ethics. Western Journal of Communication, 63.1 (1999): 32- 56. Print. Hooks, Bell. Ain’t I A Woman: Black Women and Feminism. London: Pluto Press, 1981. 8-100. Print. Orbe, Patrick. An Outsider within Perspective to Organizational Communication: Explicating the Communicative Practices of Co-cultural Group Members. Management Communication Quarterly, 12.2 (1998): 230-279. Print. McClish, Gregory, Bacon, James. Telling the Story her Own Way: The role of Feminist Standpoint Theory in Rhetorical Studies. Rhetoric Society Qua rterly, 32.2 (2002): 27-55. Print. Mohanty, Talpade. Under Western Eyes Revisited: Feminist Solidarity Through Ant-Capitalist Struggles. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28.2 (2003): 50-100. Print. Naylor, Gloria. The Women of Brewster Place. New York: Penguin, 1983. 2-120. Print. Smith, Barbara. Home girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 56-102. Print. Springer, Keith. Third Wave of Black Feminism? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 27.4 (2002): 1059-1082. Print. Williams, Robert., Brewley, David., Reed, James., White, Dennis., Davis-Haley, Raymond. Learning to Read Each Other: Black Women Graduate Students Share their Experiences at a White Research I Institution. The Urban Review, 37.3 (2005): 181-199. Print. This research paper on Reasons why the Black women Population did not Consider Themselves a part of the Ongoing Feminist Movements   was written and submitted by user Journey Dyer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Self-Carving Exploding Jack o Lantern Demonstration

Self-Carving Exploding Jack o' Lantern Demonstration The self-carving pumpkin uses a chemical reaction to cause an explosion inside a pumpkin, forcing out the pumpkin pieces of a jack-o-lantern face (with an accompanying bang and fire). You can perform this popular chemistry Halloween demonstration yourself: Self-Carving Exploding Pumpkin Materials 50 ml hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)20 ml water~7 pea-sized chips of calcium carbide (CaC2)Â  cat food or tuna canoven mitt (to avoid getting burned)piezoelectric sparker Make a Self-Carving Pumpkin Carve a medium pumpkin with a simple face. Triangles, circles, squares and ovals are good choices. Re-insert the face pieces, making sure they can move easily out of the pumpkin. If the pumpkin has thick flesh, you may wish to cut away the back of the pieces so they are lighter/weaker.Poke or drill a small hole in the back of the pumpkin so you can insert the wire sparker. Insert the sparker and test it to make sure it works.Pour the peroxide in the pumpkin. (an optional step in some descriptions)Put the water in the cat food or tuna can and set the can in the pumpkin.Drop the calcium carbide chips into the water and replace the lid of the pumpkin. Allow about a minute for the acetylene to build up.Be sure the face of the pumpkin is facing away from you and that your audience is a safe distance from the demonstration. You may wish to wear ear protection. Goggles and a lab coat are recommended. While holding down the lid of the pumpkin (with an oven-mitted hand), spark the sparker. How the Self-Carving Pumpkin Works In 1862 Friedrich WÃ ¶hler discovered calcium carbide and water would react to form flammable acetylene gas and calcium hydroxide: CaC2 2 H2O → C2H2 Ca(OH)2 This reaction is used in the commercial manufacture of acetylene and for carbide lamps, which are used by miners in some areas. Safety Precautions This demonstration is best performed by a chemistry teacher or other adult experienced with chemicals or pyrotechnics. It is not a suitable project for kids to try. Youll likely need to order calcium carbide through a chemistry or educational supply store or else buy it online. Remote ignition of the acetylene is safer than holding the pumpkin and striking a sparker, though youll want to secure the lid of the jack-o-lantern so that it wont simply blow off, leaving your pumpkin uncarved. If the pieces of the face are not loose, either the pumpkin will explode or else the explosion will be contained and the pumpkin will be uncarved. Safe Self-Carving Pumpkin This is also a safe version of this project which uses carbon dioxide gas to blow out the jack-o-lantern face. Although carbon dioxide can be compressed to where it explodes, using a plastic bag to contain the gas provides enough pressure to produce the desired effect without the risk of injury.

Old World Monkeys - Cercopithecidae

Old World Monkeys - Cercopithecidae Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae) are a group of simians native to Old World regions including Africa, India and Southeast Asia. There are 133 species of Old World monkeys. Members of this group include macaques, geunons, talapoins, lutungs, surilis, doucs, snub-nosed monkeys, proboscis monkey, and langurs. Old World monkeys are medium to large in size. Some species are arboreal while others are terrestrial. The largest of all Old World monkeys is the mandrill which can weigh as much as 110 pounds. The smallest Old World monkey is the talapoin which weighs about 3 pounds. Old World monkeys are generally stocky in build and have fore limbs that are in most species shorter than hind limbs. Their skull is heavily ridged and they have a long rostrum. Almost all species are active during the day (diurnal) and are varied in their social behaviors. Many Old World monkey species form small to medium sized groups with complex social structure. The fur of Old World monkeys is often gray or brown in color although a few species have bright markings or more colorful fur. The texture of the fur is not silky nor is it woolly. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet in Old World monkeys are naked. One distinguishing characteristic of Old World monkeys is that most species have tails. This distinguishes them from the apes, who do not have tails. Unlike New World monkeys, the tails of Old World monkeys are not prehensile. There are a number of other characteristics that distinguish Old World monkeys from New World monkeys. Old World monkeys are comparatively larger than the New World monkeys. They have nostrils that are positioned close together and have a downward facing nose. Old World monkeys have two premolars that have sharp cusps. They also have opposable thumbs (similar to the apes) and they have nails on all fingers and toes. New World monkeys have a falt nose (platyrrhine) and nostrils that are positioned far apart and open either side of the nose. They also have three premolars. New World monkeys have thumbs that are in line with their fingers and grip with a scissor-like motion. They do not have fingernails except for some species that have a nail on their largest toe. Reproduction: Old World monkeys have a gestation period of between five and seven months. Young are well developed when they are born and females usually give birth to a single offspring. Old World monkeys reach sexual maturity at about five years of age. The sexes often look quite different (sexual dimorphism). Diet: Most species of Old World monkeys are omnivores although plants form the larger portion of their diet. Some groups are almost entirely vegetarian, living on leaves, fruit and flowers. Old World monkeys also eat insects, terrestrial snails and small vertebrates. Classification: Old World monkeys are a group of primates. There are two subgroups of Old World monkeys, the Cercopithecinae and the Colobinae. The Cercopithecinae include primarily African species, such as mandrills, baboons, white-eyelid mangabeys, crested mangabeys, macaques, guenons, and talapoins. The Colobinae include mostly Asian species (although the group does include a few African species as well) such as black and white colobuses, red colobuses, langurs, lutungs, surilis doucs, and snub-nosed monkeys. Members of the Cercopithecinae have cheek pouches (also known as buccal sacs) that are used to store food. Since their diet is quite varied, Cercopithecinae have non-specialized molars and large incisors. They have simple stomachs. Many species of Cercopithecinae are terrestrial, although a few are arboreal. The facial muscles in Cercopithecinae are well developed and facial expressions are used to communicate social behavior. Members of the Colobinae are folivorous and lack cheek pouches. They have complex stomachs.

How God Created the Universe Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

How God Created the Universe - Term Paper Example This paper analyzes the two stories using a comparative approach based on critical thinking, objective, reasoning, and reflective self-knowledge. Genesis chapter 1 gives a detailed account of how God created the universe â€Å"out of nothing† (John 36). I believe that the primary objective of the first account was to portray God as the most powerful being on earth as He had the potential to make wonderful things out of nothing. The Lord then arranged and made the universe habitable. On the first day, night, day, light, Earth and heavens were created. The sky was created on the second day while on the third day, God created plants, vegetation, and dry land. On the fourth day, God created heavenly bodies such as the stars and the moon. On the fifth day, God created birds and sea creatures while land creatures and man were created on the sixth day. On the seventh day, God took a rest (John 36). One questionable aspect of this creation account concerns the reasons why God decided to create things for six days; since He had the power of nature, He would have done all in one day. Deloria, however, argues that God wanted to r eveal is organized nature to the universe (34). The cycle is quite different and specific days are not mentioned in Genesis chapter 2. In the second creation story, heaven and earth were first created. Human beings were then created and a garden was set for man to tender and take care of. I think God wanted to create a garden that would provide a place for human existence. The garden is known as Eden and man was instructed not to eat from a tree that was at the center of the garden. The man was lonely, however, and God created birds and animals, which man was to name. God, however, noticed that man was still lonely and made him fall asleep and from his rib, He created a woman (John 37). The story of how sin came into following from the second creation story.

European Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Human Rights - Essay Example It also seeks to promote the rights of women and children, as well as of minorities and displaced persons. ‘Margin of appreciation’ is a doctrine that was first developed and applied in the case law of European Court and Commission of Human Rights. It is a concept developed by the European Union where different member states’ courts can interpret the Convention of Human Rights differently (Greer, 2000, p.5). The doctrine does not have universal litigation for all convention rights, since it has higher profile for some convention rights i.e. right to property; however, it has lower profile on other rights in the conventions. Moreover, there is no simple and clear method of describing how the doctrine works; further, the doctrine’s nature is that of uneven and unpredictable. Due to the nature of margin of appreciation, there is need for much structure, precision supervision and regularity in its application (Greer, 2000, p.5). The European Union formulated th e margin of appreciation since its member states comprise of diverse cultural and legal traditions embraced thus, it was difficult to identify uniform European standards of human rights. Moreover, the doctrine provides the flexibility needed to avoid damaging rows between the European Court, General, and the Member States. Additionally it permits the Court to balance the autonomy of Member States with their obligations under the Convention. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contemporary practice of margin of appreciation in applying of Convention rights and freedoms. The paper will explore the logical flaws in the margin doctrine as currently conceived and the way they contribute in devaluing the convention. Moreover, the role of the Strasbourg Organ in the supervision of administering of the doctrine in its Member States is also discussed. Finally, an assessment of the efficiency and consistency of supervision is analyzed. Margin of appreciation The European Commission o f Human Rights endorsed margin of appreciation on the grounds that the national authorities are better placed to judge than the Strasbourg institutions. This doctrine is applicable in connection with articles of the convention providing some accommodations or limitation clauses. Some of the areas where Member States have been accorded margin of appreciation by the European Union convention on human rights are protection of morals, determining the mandate of the judiciary, prevention of crime and disorder and matters pertaining to national economy and security. In determining the scope of marginal of appreciation, the courts consider firstly, the subject matter of the protected right, i.e. a narrow margin is issued if the subject matter being protected is considered fundamental. Secondly, the aim and the interest of set restriction are also considered. Therefore, the margin of appreciation is determined by the effects of a restriction on other people in the society. Moreover, there a re European consensus standards, which are applicable to all Member States. In such cases, there is less need for application of margin of appreciation (Kleijkamp, 1999, p.50). However, there is concern in that uncontrolled margin of appreciation is devaluing the rights and freedoms provided by the Human Rights Convention. States that have the norm of human rights relativism can exploit this doctrine to cartel the exercise of human